Expect The Unexpected A First

This textbook introduces the basic concepts from probability theory and statistics which are needed for statistical analysis of data encountered in the biological and health sciences. No previous study is required. Advanced mathematical tools, such as integration and differentiation, are kept to a minimum. The emphasis is put on the examples. Probabilistic methods are discussed at length, but the focus of this edition is on statistics.The examples are kept simple, so that the reader can learn quickly and see the usefulness of various statistical and probabilistic methods. Some of the examples used in this book draw attention to various problems related to environmental issues, climate change, loss of bio-diversity, and their impact on wildlife and humans.In comparison with the first edition of the book, this second edition contains additional topics such as power, sample size computation and non-parametric methods, and includes a large collection of new problems, as well as the answers to odd-numbered problems. Several sections of this edition are accompanied by instructions using the programming language R for statistical computing and graphics.